Design and Operation of a Multi-Output Regulated DC Power Supply for Electronics Applications

Introduction

This article details the design and operation of a regulated multi-output DC power supply suitable for powering multiple electronic circuits simultaneously. Built using fundamental analog components, the system is powered from a standard 220V AC mains and delivers four regulated outputs: 24V, 12V, 5V, and 3.3V. Key components include a step-down transformer, bridge rectifier, filter capacitors, LM317T linear regulators, and a Zener diode. This power supply is ideal for prototyping labs, embedded system development, and educational purposes in electronics.

This article presents a complete and beginner-friendly design that:

• Converts 220V AC to multiple low-voltage DC outputs
• Offers four regulated output levels: 24V, 12V, 5V, and 3.3V
• Uses discrete linear regulators (LM317T) instead of prebuilt modules
• Demonstrates key principles of analog power electronics

Circuit Overview

Multisim and Bench Circuit Diagram

Figure 1 and Figure 2 below illustrate the simulated and physical circuit respectively.

Transformer Stage – Voltage Step-Down

Transformer Specifications:

• Type: EI-76X45
• Output: 24-0-24V AC, 5A, 50Hz

A center-tapped step-down transformer converts the 220V AC mains to 24 V AC. This center-tap configuration is a common method for achieving full-wave rectification, especially at higher voltages. The peak voltage after rectification reaches approximately 34V. This provides sufficient headroom for voltage regulation down to 24 V, 12 V, 5 V, and 3.3 V while ensuring continuous operation at up to 1 A per output rail.

Simulation Output

Rectification Stage – AC to DC Conversion

A full-wave bridge rectifier using four HER307 high-speed diodes (D1–D4) converts the AC voltage into pulsating DC. The diodes have the following specifications:

• Average Forward Current: 3A
• Peak Reverse Voltage: 1000V
• Fast Recovery Time

Refer to : alldatasheet-HER307 for more details.

Peak Voltage Calculation

$V_{peak} = V_{rms} \times \sqrt{2} = 24V \times 1.414 \approx 33.9V$

Accounting for two diode drops (~1.4V):

$V_{DC} \approx 33.9V - 1.4V = 32.5V$

Simulation Output

Filtering Stage – Ripple Reduction

Bulk Filtering: A 4700μF, 50V electrolytic capacitor is used to smooth the rectified voltage and reduce ripple.

Additional Capacitors: Smaller capacitors (100μF, 33μF) placed after each regulator further suppress high-frequency noise and improve transient response.

Simulation Output

Voltage Regulation Stage – LM317T Adjustable Regulators

The LM317T is a 3-terminal adjustable regulator capable of supplying 1.2V to 37V at up to 1.5A. In this design, each regulated output is configured for a maximum load current of 1 A, ensuring thermal and electrical reliability within device limits.

Refer to:alldatasheet-LM317T for details.

Why LM317T Instead of 78XX Series?

While fixed-voltage regulators like the 7805 or 7812 are convenient, the LM317T offers key advantages in this application:

• Adjustability: A single regulator can be configured for multiple voltages using external resistors.
• Greater flexibility: Ideal for custom or non-standard voltage rails.
• Improved line and load regulation: Superior transient response and output accuracy with proper bypassing.
• Availability and cost: Readily available and cost-effective for educational and prototyping purposes.

Output Voltage Formula: $V_{out} = 1.25V \times \left(1 + \frac{R_2}{R_1}\right)$

24V Output (U1)

• R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = 18.2kΩ
• $V_{out1} = 1.25 \times (1 + 18.2k / 1k) \approx 24V$
• Applicable in; Powering relays, motor drivers, audio amplifiers
• Capacitors: 300μF and 33μF

12V Output (U2)

• R1 = 1kΩ, R2 = 8.6kΩ
• $V_{out2} = 1.25 \times (1 + 8.6k / 1k) \approx 12V$
• Common applications include; powering logic circuits, operational amplifiers, and development boards

5V Output (U3)

• R1 = 240Ω, R2 = 720Ω
• $V_{out3} = 1.25 \times (1 + 720 / 240) = 5V$
• Applicable in; Microcontrollers, USB-powered devices

3.3V Zener Clamp

A 1N4728A Zener diode clamps the 5V rail to 3.3V for low-current applications.

• Zener Voltage: 3.3V
• Power Rating: 1W
• Series resistor (10Ω) limits current

Note: Zener diodes are not efficient for high-current regulation; use only for low-power logic or reference lines.Refer to: alldatasheet-1N4728A for more details.

Thermal and Safety Considerations

• Heat Dissipation: LM317s can dissipate significant heat. For example: $P = (32V - 12V) \times 1A = 20W$ Use heat sinks accordingly.
• Enclosure: Use a ventilated metal or plastic enclosure.
• Fusing: Place fuses or PTC resettable fuses after the transformer.
• Isolation: Ensure the transformer provides safe mains isolation.

Applications

This multi-output power supply is:

• Ideal for educational electronics labs
• Simple and low-cost to build
• Versatile for powering multiple circuit types

Typical Use Cases:

• Microcontroller prototyping
• Powering 5V/12V modules simultaneously
• Audio circuits with 24V rails
• Logic-level shifting or analog reference supply

References

1. LM317T Adjustable Regulator Datasheet.
2. 1N4728A Zener Diode Datasheet
3. HER307 rectifier diode Datasheet